Essay about IT240 Week 2 Checkpoint

Essay about IT240 Week 2 Checkpoint Essay about IT240 Week 2 Checkpoint Term Definition Physical layer Encompasses details such as electrical and mechanical connections to the network, transmission of binary data as changing voltage levels on wires or similar concepts on other connectors and data raters. Data link layer The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer (2) that is responsible for data transfer across a single physical connection (or series of bridged connections, between two Network entities). The data link layer detects and may correct errors in the physical layer. Network layer The OSI layer that is responsible for routing, switching, and subnetwork access across the entire OSI environment. Transport layer Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model, which establishes and dissolves connections between hosts and makes sure transmitted data has been received. An example protocol for the transport layer is TCP. Session layer Layer 5 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model, which handles logical connections between hosts; creates, maintains, and terminates a session; and handles security. It is a composite of the data flow control layer and transmission control layer. Presentation layer Layer 6 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model, which defines file and file access formats, performs file compression, establishes a common syntax between hosts, and converts data so incompatible systems can communicate with each other. Application layer Layer 7 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model, which defines standards for interaction at the user or application program level; for example, formatting electronic mail messages, reading and writing files, and file transfer. It is the highest layer of the protocol stack. Encoding Conversion of data into digital form; for example, converting an analog sound signal into digital data for storing on a CD. Half-duplex A communications channel which transmits data in either direction, but only one direction at a time. Full duplex A communications channel which transmits data in both directions at once. Bandwidth The amount of data that can be sent through a network connection. This is typically expressed in terms of the network speed, such as 1 Mbps (megabit-per-second). A greater bandwidth indicates the ability to transmit a greater amount of data over a given period of time. Point-to-point topology The simplest topology with a permanent link between two endpoints. Switched point-to-point topology are the basic model of conventional telephony. The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. Deencapsulation Refers to sending data where the data is augmented with successive layers of control information before transmission across a network. The reverse of data encapsulation is decapsulation, which refers to the successive layers of data being removed (essentially unwrapped) at the receiving end of a network. MAC Sublayer Medium Access Control sublayer. The lower sublayer of the data link layer, which uses the network's physical layer to provide services to the logical link control (LLC). The functions of the MAC sublayer vary according to the topology of the network. LLC Collision If two computers accidentally transmit at the same time and their messages collide, they wait and send again at different times. Access Method A software routine that is part of the operating system or network control program which performs the storing/retrieving or transmitting/receiving of data. It is also

Sony PlayStation Network security breach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sony PlayStation Network security breach - Essay Example On April 20, the Sony did off the affected systems and left to restore the PSN services for the users in U.S until 14th May. Users were asked to change their usernames and passwords till mid of the May. Sony had to do the page down as temporarily because attackers exploited the URL of Sony’s website (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2011). A series of attacks on the Sony’s online entertainment services on the PSN and Online Entertainment services were carried by the attackers in the same period. Other victims of attackers concerning the Sony were as the â€Å"Sony BMG Greece†, â€Å"Sony BMG Japan†, â€Å"So-Net ISP in Japan, and servers of Sony in Thailand. The attackers also hit official version of the Sony Ericson Eshop in Canada (McMillan, 2011). Personal information of more than 77 million Qriocity and PSN users more than 24.5 million Online entertainment users stolen. The attackers rummaged through a wealth of information concerning the users, and their attributes such as names of users, their addresses, email addresses and birth dates. Attackers also approached the login information of users such as usernames, and passwords. Kazuo Hirai, who was head of the board of Company â€Å"Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC†, told the U.S. lawmakers in a May 3 letter (Colvile, 2011). Attackers worked so sophistically that Sony hired the forensic consultants to check, and confirm the extent of the stolen data. It took more than a month to discover whether credit card information was stolen or customers’ data. It was told that only credit card information was stolen as attackers encrypted the credit card information (Carstensen, 2011). It was noticed on April 19, that Sony’s PSN servers were rebooting, and no process was rescheduled on these days. The next day, it was identified that someone had intruded the Sony’s severs and accessed the data. It turned out that

Advocacy and representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advocacy and representation - Essay Example This research is based upon the manuscript available to selected persons (e.g., social work doctoral program directors, members of various social work Internet Listservs, etc.), and in due course it appeared in the conference proceedingsThis advocacy and representation against domestic violence presented it at two international and one national level and, based on these distribution efforts and feedback, revised it. It was seriously reviewed and turned down.It responded to the reviewers' lengthy suggestions and submitted an amendment which was ultimately established for publication. No doubt it based on the development of social work practice guidelines.Social work education and practice should focus on the latter. This may, or may not, involve theoretically driven research. If theory is legitimately involved, it is great. If it is not, then doctoral students and other researchers should not be forced into pretending that it does. Both approaches are characteristic of science. Both h ave value. At present, theory-driven research exercises are much more highly valued within academic social work than are theoretical studies evaluating outcomes ."A continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide.The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children." (Department of Health, 2000a: v) As the term 'domestic violence' comprise violence and abuse inside same-sex relationships, violence by women against men and violence and abuse carry out by one family member against another, the spotlight of this research is on violence and abuse by men, against women. It seeks to discover the diversity of factors that collectively build an ever-increasing and severe healthcare necessitate for those being abused inside their intimate relationships. Intimate violence may take many forms, often combining physical, emotional, psychological, sexual and financial abuse. The degree of abuse and violence varies within each partnership, often occurring on a continuum of severity and effect. For some the abuse and violence are periodic with minimal long-term effects. However, countless women are so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. The violence becomes insidious, permeating every action, every thought and deed until eventually, for some women, suicide remains the only escape. Other women express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and total dependency on the abuser. Intimate partners may demand and achieve, through physical and emotional violence, complete obedience to every order, using humiliati on as an important strategy in obedience training in their women (Barker, R. L. 1995). If we analyse then we come to know that the domestic violence fuels lots of the nation's bitterly contested throughway care cases. It is an underlying issue in the majority parental abduction cases, which happen at an estimated rate of 203,900 per year. In spite of the role of domestic abuse in throughway care cases, in the past, legislators endorse jurisdictional laws to stop forum-shopping and parental abduction

Comparisons between two retail organizations namely JC Penney and Research Paper

Comparisons between two retail organizations namely JC Penney and Kohls - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the state of New York has been chosen as a base location for comparison between these two organizations. One store from each organization has been chosen for contrasting between the retailers. ABOUT JC PENNEY AND KOHL’S The business of JC Penney comprises selling various products like apparel, shoes, accessories, jewelry, beauty items and home decoration products along with delivering different services such as salon, photography and decorating among others to the customers by its departmental stores. Since the foundation of the organization, JC Penney has grown to about 1104 departmental stores in 49 states of the US (JCP Media Inc., â€Å"J. C. Penney Company, Inc.†). On the other hand, Kohl’s also provide apparel, footwear, accessories, home products and house wares among others. By the end of the year 2012, Kohl’s has nearly 1146 stores in the entire US region (Kohl's Illinois, Inc., â€Å"Kohl’s Corporation†). SHOPPING ITEMS The shopping list on which the comparison will be made comprise rings from jewelry and watches category, bath towels from bed and bath category, bedroom furniture from furniture category, women dresses from women category and men athletic shoes from shoes category. Appendix 1 would show the list of the selected items along with price range and average price (JCP Media Inc., â€Å"Free Shipping Everyday†; Kohl's Illinois, Inc., â€Å"Kohl’s Expect Great Things†). ... In this context, it can be viewed that JC Penney and Kohl’s have considerable number of stores in New York City. With respect to JC Penney, the closest store is located at Serramonte Center with distance of 8.9 miles from the city, hence this store has been chosen for the study (JCP Media Inc., â€Å"Find A Store†) Concerning Kohl’s, closest mall is Jersey City Mall which is situated at distance of 2.64 miles from the New York City and has been selected for the analysis (Kohl's Illinois, Inc., â€Å"Store†). Customer Service: With respect to customer services, it can be apparently observed that the services of Kohl’s are superior to JC Penny. The stores of Kohl’s are opened longer then JC Penney i.e. in weekdays, the stores of Kohl’s are opened from 8 am to 10 pm, whereas the stores of JC Penney are opened from 10 am to 9.30 pm. In Sunday also, the stores of Kohl’s remain open for longer hours than JC Penney. On the other hand, it can also be observed that it takes much time to talk with the customer service representatives in JC Penney than Kohl’s. However, in JC Penney, the employees are quite able to handle customer service related issues with courtesy and competence. On the other hand, employees of Kohl’s are able to provide support in understanding the cause of any kind regarding customer related issues and provide solutions to the problems. The employees of JC Penney also possess strong knowledge about product features than the employees of Kohl’s (JCP Media Inc., â€Å"Find A Store†; Kohl's Illinois, Inc., â€Å"Store†). Store Layout: The store layout of JC Penney is concentrated on representing a streamlined visual display for the customers. JC Penney restricts the number of displays in the stores and it replaces the inventory

The History and Composition of Great Musical Pieces :: Music Musicians Composers Essays

The History and Composition of Great Musical Pieces Music is the most intangible art form. You cannot grasp or hold it, as you can other art forms. It is there for a minute, and it vanishes as soon as the last chord fades away. The great works of music are timeless. They remain with us after all the instruments have been packed away and the players have all gone home, in our heads, playing over and over. We hear them everywhere from shopping malls to commercials, even after their composers have been dead for hundreds of years. However, as technology grows and our lives get seemingly busier in this new millennium, the appreciation for this amazing art form has waned considerably. With digital synthesizers and greedy producers, the music that makes people feel their true existence has vanished. And I, being a devote musician, have grown up with the desire to recreate such music, to give people the chance to get swept off the dance floor and evoke great emotion. In order to do so, I am exploring the history of great musical pieces, so th at the facts behind the composers’ melodies, and their process in creating masterpieces will be as timeless as the music they made. I began exploring the musical world in second grade, when I begrudgingly started piano lessons following in my older sister’s footsteps. What began as a struggle turned out to be an ongoing experience I find in both my exploration of piano and viola (started in 5th grade). I am not a prodigal player, and whether I am a talented composer remains to be seen, but I find unexpected yet comforting roots among the musical world. With each day I learn more about various composers and get to know them and their styles. From Mozart’s pure melodies, Beethoven’s harmonies, to Chopin’s ability to seamlessly modulate from key to key I find finesse, detail and ease. I am fascinated by their abilities to pull a melody out of thin air and embellish it. I feel that I am not the only one gripped by the music composers create; the whole human race enjoys listening to music, whether it is classical, jazz, rap or one of the many other forms of music the world has to offer toda y. Music has always been an integral part of human life. Not only has it followed us throughout our history, but it has its own history.

Associate Program Material Essay

Hard Drive Hard drives are complex storage devices in a computer. When installing a hard drive, you must consider numerous interface standards. You also must think about specific factors, such as the computer’s application, the type of motherboard, speed and noise, gigabyte barriers, subsystems, future storage needs, and archival issues. Refer to Ch. 8 of A+ Guide To Managing & Maintaining Your PC for a deeper understanding of these issues. You may measure hard drive performance by looking at three different sources of information. The first is the data rate, the number of bytes per second the driver can deliver to the processor. The second is the seek time, the amount of time it takes when the processor requests information from the driver and the first byte of information is delivered to the processor. The third is the memory capacity of the hard drive. For this assignment, you replace the internal hard drives from the computer featured in the Computer Hardware Simulator (CHS). The current internal hard drives are old and starting to fail. You need to replace the current hard drives with similar drives or drives with more storage capacity. Search the Internet for three types of hard drives compatible with the CHS computer, and enter your information for each drive into the New Hard Drive Chart below. After comparing the two drives, make a recommendation on which you would purchase and justify your decision. You only have a budget of $45 to work with, so choose carefully.

What Is a Mental Map and How Can It Help You

A mental map is a first-person perspective of an area that an individual possesses. This type of subconscious map shows a person what a place looks like and how to interact with it. But does everybody have mental maps and if they do, how are they formed? Who Has Mental Maps? Everyone has mental maps that they use to get around, no matter how good they are with directions. Picture your neighborhood, for example. You probably have a clear map in your mind of where you live that allows you to navigate to the nearest coffee shop, your friends house, your place of work, and more without the help of technology or physical maps. You use your mental maps to plan nearly all activities and routes to travel. The average person has large mental maps to tell them where towns, states, and countries are positioned and smaller maps to navigate areas like their kitchen. Any time you envision how to get somewhere or what a place looks like, you use a mental map, often without even thinking about it. This kind of mapping is studied by behavioral geographers to help them understand how humans move. Behavioral Geography   Behaviorism is a division of psychology that looks at human and/or animal behavior. This science assumes that all behavior is a response to environmental stimuli and studies these connections. Likewise, behavioral geographers  seek to understand how the landscape, in particular, influences and is influenced by behavior. How people build, change, and interact with the real world through mental maps are all topics of research for this growing field of study. Conflict Caused by Mental Maps It is possible—common, even—for the mental maps of two individuals to be at odds with each other. This is because mental maps arent just perceptions of your own spaces, they are also your perceptions of places youve never been or seen and areas that are mostly unfamiliar to you. Mental maps based on assumptions or conjecture can significantly impact human interaction. Perceptions of where a country or region begins and ends, for example, can influence country-to-country negotiations. Ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel exemplifies this. These nations cannot reach an agreement about where the border between them should lie because each side sees the boundaries in question differently. Territorial conflicts such as this are difficult to resolve because participants must rely on their mental maps to make decisions and no two mental maps are the same. Media and Mental Mapping As mentioned, mental maps can be created for places youve never been to and this is simultaneously made possible and more difficult by media. Social media, news reports, and movies can depict faraway places vividly enough for a person to create their own mental maps of them. Photographs are often used as the basis of mental maps, especially for famous landmarks. This is what makes skylines of popular cities like Manhattan easily recognizable even to people that have never visited. Unfortunately, media representations dont always give accurate representations of places and can lead to the formation of mental maps riddled with errors. Looking at a country on a map with an improper scale, for example, can make a nation seem larger or smaller than it really is. The Mercator maps infamous distortion of Africa confused people with regard to the size of the continent for centuries. Misconceptions about a country as a whole—from sovereignty to population—often follow inaccurate depictions. The media cannot always be trusted to deliver true information about a place. Biased crime statistics and news reports, for example, should not be taken lightly because they have the power to impact a persons choices. Media reports of crime in an area can lead people to avoid a neighborhood whose crime rate is, in reality, average. Humans often subconsciously attach emotion to their mental maps and information consumed, accurate or not, can alter perceptions significantly. Always be a critical consumer of media representations for the most accurate mental maps.